Country Guide

Tajikistan Facts

Geography People and Society Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Transnational Issues

Geography

Location:
Central Asia, west of China, south of Kyrgyzstan


Geographic coordinates:
39 00 N, 71 00 E


Map references:
Asia


Area:
total:143,100 sq kmcountry comparison to the world: 96
land:141,510 sq km
water:2,590 sq km


Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Wisconsin


Land boundaries:
total:3,651 km
border countries:Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,161 km


Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)


Maritime claims:
lowest point:Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m
highest point:Qullai Ismoili Somoni 7,495 m


Natural resources:
hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold


    Land use:
arable land:5.96%
permanent crops:0.91%
other:93.13% (2011)


Irrigated land:
7,421 sq km (2009)


Total renewable water resources:
21.91 cu km (2011)


Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
21.91 cu km (2011)

Natural hazards:
earthquakes; floods


Environment - current issues:
inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides


Environment - international agreements:
party to:Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:none of the selected agreements


Geography - note:
landlocked; mountainous region dominated by the Trans-Alay Range in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR

People and Society

Nationality:
noun: Tajikistani(s)
adjective:Tajikistani


Ethnic groups:
Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%, other 2.6% (2000 census)


Languages:
Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business


Religions:
Sunni Muslim 85%, Shia Muslim 5%, other 10% (2003 est.)


Population:
8,051,512 (July 2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 97


Age structure:
0-14 years:33% (male 1,352,150/female 1,304,615)
15-24 years:20.1% (male 819,936/female 796,211)
25-54 years:38.9% (male 1,547,863/female 1,586,218)
55-64 years:4.8% (male 178,161/female 210,616)
65 years and over:3.2% (male 107,137/female 148,605) (2014 est.)


Dependency ratios:
total dependency ratio:64.33 %
youth dependency ratio:59.1 %
elderly dependency ratio:5.2 %
potential support ratio:19.2 (2014 est.)


Median age:
total:23.5 years
male:23 years
female:24 years (2014 est.)


Population growth rate:
1.75% (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 69


Birth rate:
24.99 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 56


Death rate:
6.28 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 157


Net migration rate:
-1.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 152


Urbanization:
urban population:26.5% of total population (2011)
rate of urbanization:1.66% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)


Major urban areas - population:
DUSHANBE (capital) 739,000 (2011)


Sex ratio:
at birth:1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years:1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years:1.03 male(s)/female
25-54 years:0.98 male(s)/female
55-64 years:0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over:0.73 male(s)/female
total population:0.99 male(s)/female (2014 est.)


Mother's mean age at first birth:
22.8


Maternal mortality rate:
65 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)


Infant mortality rate:
total:35.03 deaths/1,000 live birthscountry comparison to the world: 64
male:39.42 deaths/1,000 live births
female:30.42 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)


    Life expectancy at birth:
total population:67.06 yearscountry comparison to the world: 166
male:63.96 years
female:70.32 years (2014 est.)


Total fertility rate:
2.76 children born/woman (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 71


Contraceptive prevalence rate:
27.9% (2012)


Health expenditures:
5.8% of GDP (2011)


Physicians density:
1.9 physicians/1,000 population (2011)


Hospital bed density:
5.5 beds/1,000 population (2011)


Drinking water source:
improved:
urban: 93% of population
rural: 64% of population
total: 71.7% of population
unimproved:
urban: 7% of population
rural: 36% of population
total: 28.3% of population (2012 est.)


Sanitation facility access:
improved:
urban: 93.6% of population
rural: 94.6% of population
total: 94.4% of population
unimproved:
urban: 6.4% of population
rural: 5.4% of population
total: 5.6% of population (2012 est.)


HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.3% (2012 est.)country comparison to the world: 94


HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
11,900 (2012 est.)country comparison to the world: 98


HIV/AIDS - deaths:
500 (2012 est.)country comparison to the world: 87


Major infectious diseases:


Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
8.6% (2008)country comparison to the world: 136


Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
15% (2007)country comparison to the world: 49


Education expenditures:
3.9% of GDP (2011)country comparison to the world: 114

Literacy:
definition:age 15 and over can read and write
total population:99.7%
male:99.8%
female:99.6% (2011 est.)


School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total:11 years
male:12 years
female:10 years (2011)


Child labor - children ages 5-14:



Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
total:16.7%country comparison to the world: 77
male:19.2%
female:13.7% (2009)

Government

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan
conventional short form:Tajikistan
local long form:Jumhurii Tojikiston
local short form:Tojikiston
former:Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic


Government type:
republic


Capital:
name:Dushanbe
geographic coordinates:38 33 N, 68 46 E
time difference:UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)


Administrative divisions:
2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor), 1 capital region** (viloyati poytakht), and 1 area referred to as Districts Under Republic Administration***; Dushanbe**, Khatlon (Qurghonteppa), Kuhistoni Badakhshon [Gorno-Badakhshan]* (Khorugh), Nohiyahoi Tobei Jumhuri***, Sughd (Khujand)


Independence:
9 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)


National holiday:
Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991)


Constitution:
several previous; latest adopted 6 November 1994; amended 1999, 2003 (2009)


Legal system:
civil law system


International law organization participation:
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction


Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal


Executive branch:
chief of state:President Emomali RAHMON (since 6 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19 November 1992)
head of government:Prime Minister Qohir RASULZODA (since 23 November 2013); First Deputy Prime Minister Davlatali SAIDOV (since 19 November 2013)
cabinet:Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly
elections:president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (eligible for two terms); election last held on 6 November 2013 (next to be held in November 2020); prime minister appointed by the president
election results:Emomali RAHMON reelected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMON 83.9%, Ismoil TALBAKOV 5%, other 11.1%


Legislative branch:
bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of the National Assembly (upper chamber) or Majlisi Milli (34 seats; 25 members selected by local deputies, 8 appointed by the president; 1 seat reserved for the former president; members serve five-year terms) and the Assembly of Representatives (lower chamber) or Majlisi Namoyandagon (63 seats; 41 members elected through constituencies, 22 members elected through party selection; members serve five-year terms)
elections:National Assembly - last held on 28 February 2010 (next to be held in February 2015); Assembly of Representatives - last held on 28 February 2010 (next to be held in February 2015)
election results:National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Assembly of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDPT 71%, IRPT 8.2%, CPT 7%, APT 5.1%, PERT 5.1%, other 3.6%; seats by party - PDPT 55, IRPT 2, CPT 2, APT 2, PERT 2


Judicial branch:
highest court(s):Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairmen, and 34 judges organized into civil, criminal, and military chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of the court chairman, vice-president, and 5 judges); High Economic Court (consists 16 judicial positions)
judge selection and term of office:Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, and High Economic Court judges nominated by the president of the republic and approved by the National Assembly; judges of all three courts appointed for 10-year renewable terms with no limit on terms, but last appointment must occur before the age of 65
subordinate courts:regional and district courts; Dushanbe City Court; viloyat (province level) courts; Court of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region


    Political parties and leaders:
Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT [Amir QARAQULOV]
Communist Party of Tajikistan or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]
Democratic Party of Tajikistan [Saidjafar ISMONOV]
Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan or IRPT [Muhiddin KABIRI]
Party of Economic Reform of Tajikistan or PERT [Olimjon BOBOEV]
People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMON]
Social Democratic Party of Tajikistan or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOYIROV]
Socialist Party of Tajikistan or SPT [Abduhalim GHAFOROV]


Political pressure groups and leaders:
influential religious leader Akbar TURAJONZODA


International organization participation:
ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO


Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission:Ambassador Farhod SALIM (since 21 May 2014)
chancery:1005 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone:[1] (202) 223-6090
FAX:[1] (202) 223-6091


Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission:Ambassador Susan M. ELLIOTT (since 25 July 2012)
embassy:109-A Ismoili Somoni Avenue, Dushanbe 734019
mailing address:7090 Dushanbe Place, Dulles, VA 20189
telephone:[992] (37) 229-20-00
FAX:[992] (37) 229-20-50


Flag description:
three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe; red represents the sun, victory, and the unity of the nation, white stands for purity, cotton, and mountain snows, while green is the color of Islam and the bounty of nature; the crown symbolizes the Tajik people; the seven stars signify the Tajik magic number 'seven' - a symbol of perfection and the embodiment of happiness


National symbol(s):
crown surmounted by seven, five-pointed stars


National anthem:
name:'Surudi milli' (National Anthem)

lyrics/music:Gulnazar KELDI/Suleiman YUDAKOV
note:adopted 1991; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan kept the music of the anthem from its time as a Soviet republic but adopted new lyrics

Economy

Economy - overview:
Tajikistan has one of the lowest per capita GDPs among the 15 former Soviet republics. The 1992-1997 civil war severely damaged an already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. Because of a lack of employment opportunities in Tajikistan, more than one million Tajik citizens work abroad - roughly 90% in Russia - supporting families in Tajikistan through remittances. Less than 7% of the land area is arable and cotton is the most important crop. Until 2008, cotton production was closely monitored and controlled by the government. In the wake of the National Bank of Tajikistan's admission in December 2007 that it had directed the AgroInvestBank to improperly lend money to politically connected investors in the cotton sector, the IMF canceled its stand-by assistance program in Tajikistan. As part of the Tajik government’s subsequent reforms, over a half billion dollars in farmer debt has been forgiven. In 2008 Tajikistan passed new law authorizing farmers to decide for themselves what crops to grow, and this has resulted in a gradual decrease in cotton output. Tajikistan imports approximately 60% of its food, most of which comes by rail. Uzbekistan closed one of the rail lines into Tajikistan in late 2011, hampering the transit of goods to and from the southern part of the country. As a result, food and fuel prices increased to the highest levels since 2002. Mineral resources include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. Industry consists mainly of small obsolete factories in food processing and light industry, substantial hydropower facilities, and a large aluminum plant - currently operating below 25% of capacity. Electricity output expanded with the completion of the Sangtuda-1 hydropower dam - finished in 2009 with Russian investment. The smaller Sangtuda-2 hydropower dam, built with Iranian investment, began operating in 2012 at a limited capacity. The Tajik government is tens of millions of dollars in arrears for both Sangtuda dams, and Sangtuda-2 has been closed for “maintenance” since January 2014. The government is pinning its drive for energy independence on completion of the Roghun dam, which is scheduled for mid-2014. In 2010, the government began a coerced sale of shares in the Roghun enterprise to its population, ultimately raising over $180 million before stopping under intense criticism from international donors, but the dam is likely to cost billions of dollars. The World Bank funded two feasibility studies (technical-economic, and social-environmental) for the dam. If built according to plan, Roghun will be the tallest dam in the world, will operate year around, and will significantly expand Tajikistan’s electricity output. In 2013, the Tajik government finalized an agreement to import one million tons of fuel and oil products from Russia each year, at reduced prices. Tajikistan's economic situation remains fragile due to uneven implementation of structural reforms, corruption, weak governance, seasonal power shortages, and its large external debt burden.


GDP (purchasing power parity):
$19.2 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 137
$17.88 billion (2012 est.)
$16.63 billion (2011 est.)
note:data are in 2013 US dollars


GDP (official exchange rate):
$8.513 billion (2013 est.)


GDP - real growth rate:
7.4% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18
7.5% (2012 est.)
7.4% (2011 est.)


GDP - per capita (PPP):
$2,300 (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 189
$2,200 (2012 est.)
$2,100 (2011 est.)
note:data are in 2013 US dollars


Gross national saving:
12.4% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 124
17.8% of GDP (2012 est.)
10% of GDP (2011 est.)


GDP - composition, by end use:
household consumption:97%
government consumption:12%
investment in fixed capital:14%
investment in inventories:6.7%
exports of goods and services:13.7%
imports of goods and services:-48.5%
(2013 est.)


GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture:21.1%
industry:23.2%
services:55.7% (2013 est.)


Agriculture - products:
cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats


Industries:
aluminum, cement, vegetable oil


Industrial production growth rate:
3.9% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77

Labor force:
2.209 million (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 118


Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture:46.5%
industry:10.7%
services:42.8% (2013 est.)


    Unemployment rate:
2.5% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 20
2.5% (2012 est.)
note:official rates; actual unemployment is much higher


Population below poverty line:
35.6% (2013 est.)


Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%:NA%
highest 10%:NA% (2009 est.)


Distribution of family income - Gini index:
32.6 (2006)
country comparison to the world: 103
34.7 (1998)


Budget:
revenues:$2.425 billion
expenditures:$2.423 billion (2013 est.)


Taxes and other revenues:
28.5% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
0% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 43


Public debt:
6.5% of GDP
country comparison to the world: 155
NA%


Fiscal year:
calendar year


Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.7% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 127
5.8% (2012 est.)


Central bank discount rate:
4.8% (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
6.5% (31 December 2012 est.)


Commercial bank prime lending rate:
22% (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 27
17.13% (31 December 2012 est.)


Stock of narrow money:
$1.044 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 149
$1.191 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Stock of broad money:
$2.033 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 150
$1.555 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Stock of domestic credit:
$1.611 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 138
$1.196 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Market value of publicly traded shares:
$NA


Current account balance:
-$330 million (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92
-$246.2 million (2012 est.)


Exports:
$1.163 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 154
$826.6 million (2012 est.)


Exports - commodities:
aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles


Exports - partners:
Turkey 40.7%, Russia 10.6%, Iran 9.9%, Afghanistan 8.7%, China 7.4%, Kazakhstan 7.4%, Switzerland 6.6% (2012 est.)


Imports:
$4.121 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 138
$3.778 billion (2012 est.)


Imports - commodities:
petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs


Imports - partners:
Russia 22%, Kazakhstan 15.2%, China 14.5%, Lithuania 4.7%, Kyrgyzstan 4.4%, Turkey 4.4%, Iran 4.3% (2012 est.)


Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.072 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133
$972 million (31 December 2012 est.)


Debt - external:
$2.162 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142
$3.439 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$2.272 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 99

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$NA (31 December 2010 est.)
$16.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)


Exchange rates:
Tajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar -
4.76 (2013 est.)
4.76 (2012 est.)
4.379 (2010 est.)
4.1428 (2009)
3.4563 (2008)

Energy

Electricity - production:
17.09 billion kWh (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78


Electricity - consumption:
16.09 billion kWh (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77


Electricity - exports:
1 billion kWh (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59


Electricity - imports:
300.5 million kWh (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82


Electricity - installed generating capacity:
4.476 million kW (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78


Electricity - from fossil fuels:
9% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 196


Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 185


Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
91% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 13


Electricity - from other renewable sources:
0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126


Crude oil - production:
553 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 114


Crude oil - exports:
0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 188


Crude oil - imports:
0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 125


    Crude oil - proved reserves:
12 million bbl (1 January 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88


Refined petroleum products - production:
400 bbl/day
country comparison to the world: 113


Refined petroleum products - consumption:
20,090 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 127


Refined petroleum products - exports:
500 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 113


Refined petroleum products - imports:
20,090 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 106


Natural gas - production:
3.928 million cu m (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 93


Natural gas - consumption:
3.928 million cu m (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 112


Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 189


Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133


Natural gas - proved reserves:
5.663 billion cu m (1 January 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92


Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
2.618 million Mt (2013 est.)

Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
393,000 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 106


Telephones - mobile cellular:
6.528 million (2012)
country comparison to the world: 98


Telephone system:
general assessment:foreign investment in the telephone system has resulted in major improvements; conversion of the existing fixed network from analogue to digital was completed in 2012
domestic:fixed line availability has not changed significantly since 1998 while mobile cellular subscribership, aided by competition among multiple operators, has expanded rapidly; coverage now extends to all major cities and towns
international:country code - 992; linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stations - 3 (2 Intelsat and 1 Orbita) (2011)



    Broadcast media:
state-run TV broadcaster transmits nationally on 4 stations and regionally on 4 stations; 11 independent TV stations broadcast locally and regionally; some households are able to receive Russian and other foreign stations via cable and satellite; state-run radio broadcaster operates Radio Tajikistan, Voice of Dushanbe, and several regional stations; a small number of independent radio stations (2010)


Internet country code:
.tj


Internet hosts:
6,258 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 142


Internet users:
700,000 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 110

Transportation

Airports
24 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 131


Airports - with paved runways
total:17
over 3,047 m:2
2,438 to 3,047 m:4
1,524 to 2,437 m:5
914 to 1,523 m:3
under 914 m:3 (2013)


Airports - with unpaved runways
total:7
1,524 to 2,437 m:1
914 to 1,523 m:1
under 914 m:
5 (2013)


    Pipelines
gas 549 km; oil 38 km (2013)


Railways
total:680 kmcountry comparison to the world: 103
broad gauge:680 km 1.520-m gauge (2008)


Roadways
total:27,767 km (2000)country comparison to the world: 98

Waterways

Military

Military branches
Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Mobile Forces (2013)


Military service age and obligation
18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation; males required to undergo compulsory military training between ages 16 and 55; males can enroll in military schools from at least age 15 (2012)


Manpower available for military service
males age 16-49:2,012,790
females age 16-49:2,020,618 (2010 est.)


    Manpower fit for military service
males age 16-49:1,490,267
females age 16-49:1,675,083 (2010 est.)


Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually
male:76,430
female:74,038 (2010 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international
in 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence demarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove minefields; disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan


    Refugees and internally displaced persons
stateless persons:2,300 (2012)


Illicit drugs
major transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption; Tajikistan seizes roughly 80% of all drugs captured in Central Asia and stands third worldwide in seizures of opiates (heroin and raw opium); significant consumer of opiates
 Information/ Data by CIA - The World Factbook

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Finland Facts

Geography People and Society Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Transnational Issues

Geography

Location:
Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia


Geographic coordinates:
64 00 N, 26 00 E


Map references:
Europe


Area:
total:338,145 sq kmcountry comparison to the world: 65
land:303,815 sq km
water:34,330 sq km


Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Montana


Land boundaries:
total:2,563 km
border countries:Norway 709 km, Sweden 545 km, Russia 1,309 km


Coastline:
1,250 km


Maritime claims:
territorial sea:12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)
contiguous zone:24 nm
exclusive fishing zone:12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden
continental shelf:200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation


Climate:
cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes


Terrain:
mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills


Elevation extremes:
lowest point:Baltic Sea 0 m
highest point:Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 m


    Natural resources:
timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone


Land use:
arable land:6.65%
permanent crops:0.01%
other:93.34% (2011)


Irrigated land:
685.8 sq km (2010)


Total renewable water resources:
110 cu km (2011)


Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
110 cu km (2011)

Natural hazards:
NA


Environment - current issues:
air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations


Environment - international agreements:
party to:Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:none of the selected agreements


Geography - note:
long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain

People and Society

Nationality:
noun: Finn(s)
adjective:Finnish


Ethnic groups:
Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.6%, Russian 0.5%, Estonian 0.3%, Roma (Gypsy) 0.1%, Sami 0.1% (2006)


Languages:
Finnish (official) 94.2%, Swedish (official) 5.5%, other (small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities) 0.2% (2012 est.)


Religions:
Lutheran 78.4%, Orthodox 1.1%, other Christian 1.1%, other 0.2%, none 19.2% (2010 est.)


Population:
5,268,799 (July 2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 119


Age structure:
0-14 years:15.8% (male 423,011/female 408,664)
15-24 years:12.1% (male 326,140/female 313,621)
25-54 years:38.1% (male 1,021,798/female 983,423)
55-64 years:14.2% (male 368,355/female 379,957)
65 years and over:19.2% (male 439,014/female 604,816) (2014 est.)


Dependency ratios:
total dependency ratio:56.8 %
youth dependency ratio:25.8 %
elderly dependency ratio:31 %
potential support ratio:3.2 (2014 est.)


Median age:
total:43.2 years
male:41.2 years
female:45 years (2014 est.)


Population growth rate:
0.05% (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 187


Birth rate:
10.35 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 186


Death rate:
10.51 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 40


Net migration rate:
0.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 67


Urbanization:
urban population:83.7% of total population (2011)
rate of urbanization:0.47% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)


Major urban areas - population:
HELSINKI (capital) 1.134 million (2011)


Sex ratio:
at birth:1.04 male(s)/female
0-14 years:1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years:1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years:1.04 male(s)/female
55-64 years:0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over:0.71 male(s)/female
total population:0.96 male(s)/female (2014 est.)


Mother's mean age at first birth:
28.4 (2011 est.)


Maternal mortality rate:
5 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)


Infant mortality rate:
total:3.36 deaths/1,000 live birthscountry comparison to the world: 211
male:3.65 deaths/1,000 live births
female:3.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)


    Life expectancy at birth:
total population:79.69 yearscountry comparison to the world: 41
male:76.24 years
female:83.29 years (2014 est.)


Total fertility rate:
1.73 children born/woman (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 169


Health expenditures:
8.9% of GDP (2011)


Physicians density:
2.9 physicians/1,000 population (2010)


Hospital bed density:
5.9 beds/1,000 population (2010)


Drinking water source:
improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved:
urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2012 est.)


Sanitation facility access:
improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved:
urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2012 est.)


HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2009 est.)country comparison to the world: 137


HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
2,600 (2009 est.)country comparison to the world: 135


HIV/AIDS - deaths:
fewer than 100 (2009 est.)country comparison to the world: 157


Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
23% (2008)country comparison to the world: 77


Education expenditures:
6.8% of GDP (2010)country comparison to the world: 27

Literacy:
definition:age 15 and over can read and write
total population:100%
male:100%
female:100% (2000 est.)


School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total:17 years
male:16 years
female:18 years (2011)


Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
total:17.7%country comparison to the world: 70
male:17.6%
female:17.9% (2012)

Government

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Finland
conventional short form:Finland
local long form:Suomen tasavalta/Republiken Finland
local short form:Suomi/Finland


Government type:
republic


Capital:
name:Helsinki
geographic coordinates:60 10 N, 24 56 E
time difference:UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time:+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October


Administrative divisions:
19 regions (maakunnat, singular - maakunta (Finnish); landskapen, singular - landskapet (Swedish)); Aland (Swedish), Ahvenanmaa (Finnish); Etela-Karjala (Finnish), Sodra Karelen (Swedish) [South Karelia]; Etela-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Sodra Osterbotten (Swedish) [South Ostrobothnia]; Etela-Savo (Finnish), Sodra Savolax (Swedish) [South Savo]; Kanta-Hame (Finnish), Egentliga Tavastland (Swedish); Kainuu (Finnish), Kajanaland (Swedish); Keski-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Mellersta Osterbotten (Swedish) [Central Ostrobothnia]; Keski-Suomi (Finnish), Mellersta Finland (Swedish) [Central Finland]; Kymenlaakso (Finnish), Kymmenedalen (Swedish); Lappi (Finnish), Lappland (Swedish); Paijat-Hame (Finnish), Paijanne-Tavastland (Swedish); Pirkanmaa (Finnish), Birkaland (Swedish) [Tampere]; Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Osterbotten (Swedish) [Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Karjala (Finnish), Norra Karelen (Swedish) [North Karelia]; Pohjois-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Norra Osterbotten (Swedish) [North Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Savo (Finnish), Norra Savolax (Swedish) [North Savo]; Satakunta (Finnish and Swedish); Uusimaa (Finnish), Nyland (Swedish) [Newland]; Varsinais-Suomi (Finnish), Egentliga Finland (Swedish) [Southwest Finland]


Independence:
6 December 1917 (from Russia)


National holiday:
Independence Day, 6 December (1917)


Constitution:
previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000; amended several times, last in 2011 (2011)


Legal system:
civil law system based on the Swedish model


International law organization participation:
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction


Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal


Executive branch:
chief of state:President Sauli NIINISTO (since 1 March 2012)
head of government:Prime Minister Jyrki KATAINEN (since 22 June 2011)
cabinet:Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to parliament
elections:president elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 5 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2018); the parliament elects a prime minister who is then appointed to office by the president
election results:percent of vote - Sauli NIINISTO (Kok) 36.96%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 18.76%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (Kesk) 17.53%, Timo SOINI (TF) 9.4%, Paavo LIPPONEN (SDP) 6.7%, Paavo ARHINMÄKI (Vas) 5.48%, Eva BIAUDET (SFP) 2.7%, Sari ESSAYAH (KD) 2.47%; a runoff election between NIINISTO and HAAVISTO was held 5 February 2012 - NIINISTO 62.59%, HAAVISTO 37.41%; Jyrki KATAINEN elected prime minister; election results 118-72
note:government coalition - Kok, SDP, Vihr, SFP, Vas, and KD (2013)


Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; members elected by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve four-year terms)
elections:last held on 17 April 2011 (next to be held in April 2015)
election results:percent of vote by party - Kok 20.4%, SDP 19.1%, PS 19.1%, Kesk 15.8%, Vas 8.1%, Vihr 7.3%, SFP 4.3%, KD 4%, other 1.9%; seats by party - Kok 44, SDP 42, TF 39, Kesk 35, Vas 14, Vihr 10, SFP 9, KD 6, other 1 (the constituency of Aland)


    Judicial branch:
highest court(s):Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (consists of the court president and 18 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 21 judges including the court president and organized into 3 chambers)
note - Finland has a dual judicial system - courts with civil and criminal jurisdiction, and administrative courts with jurisdiction for litigation between individuals and administrative organs of the state and communities
judge selection and term of office:Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court judges appointed by the president of the republic; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65
subordinate courts:6 Courts of Appeal; 8 regional administrative courts; 27 district courts; special courts for issues relating to markets, labor, insurance, impeachment, land, tenancy, and water rights


Political parties and leaders:
Center Party or Kesk [Juha SIPILA]
Christian Democrats or KD [Paivi RASANEN]
Green League or Vihr [Ville NIINISTO]
Left Alliance or Vas [Paavo ARHINMAKI]
National Coalition Party or Kok [Jyrki KATAINEN]
Social Democratic Party or SDP [Jutta URPILAINEN]
Swedish People's Party or SFP [Carl HAGLUND]
The Finns Party or PS [Timo SOINI]


International organization participation:
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC


Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission:Ambassador Ritva KOUKKU-RONDE (since 1 September 2011)
chancery:3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:[1] (202) 298-5800
FAX:[1] (202) 298-6030
consulate(s) general:Los Angeles (Juha Pekka MARKKANEN), New York (Jukka PIETIKAINEN)


Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission:Ambassador Bruce J. ORECK (since 12 August 2009)
embassy:Itainen Puistotie 14B, 00140 Helsinki
mailing address:APO AE 09723
telephone:[358] (9) 616250
FAX:[358] (9) 6162 5800


Flag description:
white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the blue represents the thousands of lakes scattered across the country, while the white is for the snow that covers the land in winter


National symbol(s):
lion


National anthem:
name:'Maamme' (Our Land)

lyrics/music:Johan Ludvig RUNEBERG/Fredrik PACIUS
note:in use since 1848; although never officially adopted by law, the anthem has been popular since it was first sung by a student group in 1848; Estonia's anthem uses the same melody as that of Finland

Economy

Economy - overview:
Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita output almost as high as that of Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, or Sweden. Trade is important, with exports accounting for over one-third of GDP in recent years. Finland is historically competitive in manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Finland excels in export of technology for mobile phones as well as promotion of startups in the ICT, gaming, cleantech, and biotechnology sectors. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. Finland had been one of the best performing economies within the EU in recent years and its banks and financial markets avoided the worst of global financial crisis. However, the world slowdown hit exports and domestic demand hard in 2009, with Finland experiencing one of the deepest contractions in the euro zone. A recovery of exports, domestic trade, and household consumption stimulated economic growth in 2010-11, however, continued recession within the EU dampened the economy in 2012-13. The recession affected general government finances and the debt ratio, turning previously strong budget surpluses into deficits, but Finland took action to ensure it that it met the EU deficit targets in 2013 and retained its triple-A credit rating. Finland's main challenge will be to stimulate growth while faced with weak export demand in the EU and its own government austerity measures. Longer-term, Finland must address a rapidly aging population and decreasing productivity in traditional industries that threaten competitiveness, fiscal sustainability, and economic growth.


GDP (purchasing power parity):
$195.5 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58
$196.8 billion (2012 est.)
$198.4 billion (2011 est.)
note:data are in 2013 US dollars


GDP (official exchange rate):
$259.6 billion (2013 est.)


GDP - real growth rate:
-0.6% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 201
-0.8% (2012 est.)
2.7% (2011 est.)


GDP - per capita (PPP):
$35,900 (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38
$36,300 (2012 est.)
$36,700 (2011 est.)
note:data are in 2013 US dollars


Gross national saving:
17.9% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 91
19.6% of GDP (2012 est.)
21.2% of GDP (2011 est.)


GDP - composition, by end use:
household consumption:56.3%
government consumption:24.3%
investment in fixed capital:18.3%
investment in inventories:0.3%
exports of goods and services:38%
imports of goods and services:-37.3%
(2013 est.)


GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture:2.9%
industry:25.1%
services:71.9% (2013 est.)


Agriculture - products:
barley, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes; dairy cattle; fish


Industries:
metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing


Industrial production growth rate:
-4.2% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 188

Labor force:
2.685 million (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110


Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture and forestry:4.4%
industry:15.5%
construction:7.1%
commerce:21.3%
finance, insurance, and business services:13.3%
transport and communications:9.9%
public services:28.5% (2011)


Unemployment rate:
8.1% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 91
7.8% (2012 est.)


Population below poverty line:
NA%


Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%:3.6%
highest 10%:24.7% (2007)


Distribution of family income - Gini index:
26.8 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 131
25.6 (1991)


    Budget:
revenues:$139.4 billion
expenditures:$145.3 billion
note:Central Government Budget (2013 est.)


Taxes and other revenues:
53.7% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 10

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
-2.3% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92


Public debt:
56.5% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 53
53.1% of GDP (2012 est.)
note:data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions


Fiscal year:
calendar year


Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.2% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
3.2% (2012 est.)


Central bank discount rate:
0.75% (31 December 2013)
country comparison to the world: 123
1.5% (31 December 2010)
note:this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area


Commercial bank prime lending rate:
2% (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 174
2.06% (31 December 2012 est.)


Stock of narrow money:
$130.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
$126.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
note:see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders


Stock of broad money:
$183.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41
$182.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Stock of domestic credit:
$267.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36
$265.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Market value of publicly traded shares:
$158.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Current account balance:
-$2 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144
-$3.679 billion (2012 est.)


Exports:
$75.7 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
$76.46 billion (2012 est.)


Exports - commodities:
electrical and optical equipment, machinery, transport equipment, paper and pulp, chemicals, basic metals; timber


Exports - partners:
Sweden 11.1%, Russia 9.9%, Germany 9.3%, Netherlands 6.3%, US 6.2%, UK 5.1%, China 4.6% (2012)


Imports:
$70.67 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 43
$72.13 billion (2012 est.)


Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, computers, electronic industry products, textile yarn and fabrics, grains


Imports - partners:
Russia 17.7%, Sweden 14.8%, Germany 13.9%, Netherlands 8.1%, China 4.4% (2012)


Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$10.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
$11.08 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Debt - external:
$586.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 23
$478.5 billion (31 December 2011)


Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$138.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 35
$134.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$197.2 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 24
$186.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Exchange rates:
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
0.7634 (2013 est.)
0.7752 (2012 est.)
0.755 (2010 est.)
0.7198 (2009 est.)
0.6827 (2008 est.)

Energy

Electricity - production:
70.34 billion kWh (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39


Electricity - consumption:
84.83 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36


Electricity - exports:
1.645 billion kWh (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 46


Electricity - imports:
19.09 billion kWh (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9


Electricity - installed generating capacity:
16.68 million kW (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 43


Electricity - from fossil fuels:
52.3% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 151


Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
16.2% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 14


Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
18.8% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 93


Electricity - from other renewable sources:
12.7% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 19


Crude oil - production:
13,530 bbl/day (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85


Crude oil - exports:
0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110


Crude oil - imports:
214,700 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 32


    Crude oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 130


Refined petroleum products - production:
282,300 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44


Refined petroleum products - consumption:
204,800 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 57


Refined petroleum products - exports:
144,400 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38


Refined petroleum products - imports:
113,800 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 48


Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 129


Natural gas - consumption:
4.7 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64


Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 98


Natural gas - imports:
3.661 billion cu m (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39


Natural gas - proved reserves:
0 cu m (1 January 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 136


Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
54.06 million Mt (2011 est.)

Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
890,000 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 79


Telephones - mobile cellular:
9.32 million (2012)
country comparison to the world: 83


Telephone system:
general assessment:modern system with excellent service
domestic:digital fiber-optic fixed-line network and an extensive mobile-cellular network provide domestic needs
international:country code - 358; submarine cables provide links to Estonia and Sweden; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) (2011)



    Broadcast media:
a mix of publicly operated TV stations and privately owned TV stations; the 2 publicly owned TV stations recently expanded services and the largest private TV station has introduced several special-interest pay-TV channels; cable and satellite multi-channel subscription services are available; all TV signals have been broadcast digitally since September 2007; analog broadcasts via cable networks were terminated in February 2008; public broadcasting maintains a network of 13 national and 25 regional radio stations; a large number of private radio broadcasters (2008)


Internet country code:
.fi; note - Aland Islands assigned .ax


Internet hosts:
4.763 million (2012)
country comparison to the world: 22


Internet users:
4.393 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 55

Transportation

Airports
148 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 39


Airports - with paved runways
total:74
over 3,047 m:3
2,438 to 3,047 m:26
1,524 to 2,437 m:10
914 to 1,523 m:21
under 914 m:14 (2013)


Airports - with unpaved runways
total:74
914 to 1,523 m:3
under 914 m:
71 (2013)


Pipelines
gas 1,689 km (2010)


Railways
total:5,944 kmcountry comparison to the world: 31
broad gauge:5,944 km 1.524-m gauge (3,067 km electrified) (2013)


Roadways
total:78,000 kmcountry comparison to the world: 60
paved:50,000 km (includes 700 km of expressways)
unpaved:28,000 km
note:there 78,000 km of highways, 350,000 km of private and forest roads, and 26,000 km of urban roads giving Finland a total road network of 450,000 km (2012)


    Waterways
8,000 km (includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia; water transport is used frequently in the summer and is widely replaced with sledges on the ice in winter; there are 187,888 lakes in Finland that cover 31,500 km); Finand also maintains 8,200 km of coastal fairways (2013)
country comparison to the world: 18


Merchant marine
total:97country comparison to the world: 51
by type:bulk carrier 2, cargo 25, carrier 1, chemical tanker 6, container 3, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 16, petroleum tanker 5, roll on/roll off 31, vehicle carrier 3
foreign-owned:5 (Cyprus 1, Estonia 2, Iceland 1, Sweden 1)
registered in other countries:47 (Bahamas 8, Germany 3, Gibraltar 2, Malta 3, Netherlands 13, Panama 2, Sweden 16) (2010)



Ports and terminals
major seaport(s):Helsinki, Kotka, Naantali, Porvoo, Raahe, Rauma

Military

Military branches
Finnish Defense Forces (FDF): Army (Puolustusvoimat), Navy (Merivoimat; includes Coastal Defense Forces), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2013)


Military service age and obligation
18 years of age for male voluntary and compulsory - and female voluntary - national military and nonmilitary service; service obligation 6-12 months; military obligation to age 60 (2012)


Manpower available for military service
males age 16-49:1,155,368
females age 16-49:1,106,193 (2010 est.)


Manpower fit for military service
males age 16-49:955,151
females age 16-49:912,983 (2010 est.)


    Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually
male:32,599
female:31,416 (2010 est.)


Military expenditures
1.47% of GDP (2012)
country comparison to the world: 62
1.42% of GDP (2011)
1.47% of GDP (2010)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international
various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands


    Refugees and internally displaced persons
stateless persons:2,017 (2012)

 Information/ Data by CIA - The World Factbook